Walden Two by B.F. Skinner Essay Example for Free

Walden Two by B.F. Skinner Essay B. F Skinner published Walden Two in 1948. The novel takes place in the United States shortly after the end of World War II. Rodge Rogers, whose first name is not given and Steve Jamnik became friends while serving in the military during the war. After the war, they find that it is difficult to return to a normal life, Jamnik and I are like a lot of other young people right now. We cant make up our minds. We dont know what we want to do (Skinner, 1948, p. 7). In an attempt to find the life they want to lead they visit Professor Burris, one of Rodges former professors, to discuss his ideas about utopia. Ironically Burris barely remembers mentioning the subject but finally recalls a fellow student he knew in graduate school named Frazier who had designed a utopian community named Walden Two. Burris contacts Frazier and arranges the three of them, as well as Castle, a colleague of Burris, Barbara Macklin, Rogers girlfriend, and Mary Grove, Jamniks girlfriend, to visit Walden Two (Skinner, 1948, pp. 7-15). When they arrive, Frazier shows them around the community and explains how it operates. They meet some of its approximate 1,000 inhabitants. The people appear to be happy. They live in communal quarters, share meals at communal dining halls and share the facilities of the community. Each of the adults works about four hours each day to provide for the needs of the community. They are not paid a salary because money is not used within Walden Two. The people in roles of leadership carefully monitor life in the community. If there is evidence suggesting a change should be made for the communitys good, it is made and its consequences carefully evaluated (Skinner, 1948). During their three-day visit, Burris and the others experience the community lifestyle. At the end of their visit, Steve Jamnik and Mary Grove love life at Walden Two so much the decide to stay. Rodge also likes the life there and wants to stay, but his girlfriend Barbara refuses to say so they both return to society. Castle likes nothing about Walden Two and returns to his regular lifestyle as a college professor. Professor Burris finds himself intrigued with life in the commune, but decides to return to his academic life. However, once he is at the station, he changes his mind and returns to Walden Two to live and gives up his life as a professor. I found this book disturbing, even threatening. As I read through the book, I found myself thinking of Orwells 1984 and Aldous Huxleys Brave New World. I felt like this even though 1984 wasnt published until the same year as Walden Two so it couldnt have influenced Skinners writing, and Skinner explicitly denies this with a vague reference to Huxleys work, I suppose you put phonographs in your dormitories which repeat I like to work in sewers. Sewers are lots of fun, said Castle. No, Walden Two isnt that kind of brave new world, said Frazier. We dont propagandize' (Skinner, 1948, p. 53). Although Walden Two was an insolated community, there is a latent undertone of expansion and trying to convert society as a whole to the Walden Two model. Castle argues with Frazier, Ill bet you have designs on the political machinery too . . . [youll] want to get the offices yourself, . . .. Yes, [Frazier responds] I must admit youre right. . . . As soon as were in the majority in any locality, we shall exercise our rights under a democratic form of government and take control' (Skinner, 1948, p. 231). As disturbing as the thought of communities such as Walden Two taking over the government is, this isnt really what disturbs me. Throughout the three-day visit, whenever anyone challenges Frazier about a point or questions something about the life in Walden Two, he always has what feels like a dispassionate, rehearsed response. Frazier is reminiscent of a used car salesmen who can deflect any criticism of the car he is trying to sell. He always has an answer at the ready that he delivers with a confidence and authority that appear to brush away the visitors objections as if they are unfounded and insignificant. It feels as if he is running a con game and the six visitors are the marks. According to Frazier Walden Two provides an ideal, satisfying lifestyle. It appears that all of the needs of Walden Twos inhabitants are provided with everything they need, they work only four hours per day, have recreation, and appear to have a great deal more freedom than people enjoy in the United States today. Despite this assurance, I would not want to live there. What Frazier has done has removed the individual person from consideration. There is a paternalistic quality that implies the managers of Walden Two know best and the inhabitants should just agree and enjoy the life there. In effect, Frazier/Skinner has reduced people to their basic responses to both internal and external stimuli. Of course this is precisely what Skinner, as a behaviorist, wants to do. For my part I prefer to think of myself as an adult person with a free will who takes an active part in living his own life. I would rather believe this, even if it is incorrect, than to submit to Skinners philosophy even if his theories were correct. References Skinner, B. F. (1948). Walden Two. New York: Macmillan.

How Entrepreneurs Differ from Other Business Owners Essay -- business

There has been a large amount of attention paid to the subject of entrepreneurship in the last few years; mainly because most people have chosen to go from working for somebody else to be their own bosses and work for their dreams. Yet, many still wonder what is entrepreneurship and what is that sets entrepreneurs apart from other regular business owners? Free-lance writer and expert in economic issues Jeanne Holden suggest: â€Å"There is no one definitive profile of an entrepreneur. Successful entrepreneurs come in various ages, income levels, gender, and race. They differ in education and experience. But research indicates that most successful entrepreneurs share certain personal attributes, including: creativity, dedication, determination, flexibility, leadership, passion, self-confidence, and smarts." (Principles of Entrepreneurship) These attributes are what characterize entrepreneurs and set them apart from other business owners. The first one is creativity, which refers to the way entrepreneurs can come up with different and innovative business ideas; they create, develop and ...

Discuss the view that the influence of religion on UK society is declining

The UK is lucky to have such a vibrant, diverse and cultured population from migrants that have entered our small islands from the past few thousand years. However each time they make Britain there home, they bring there religion. This gives rise to the many religions and there denominations that have a presence. But what is a religion? According to the Penguin Dictionary of Sociology it is â€Å"A set of cultural ideas, symbols, and practices that focus on the meaning of life and the nature of the unknown. † Secularisation had been happening for long time before Nietzsche proclaimed, â€Å"God is Dead† and is a far more complex process than just a drop in church attendance. Marxists believe that religion is form of social control on the proletariat by the bourgeoisie. He saw religion as the opium of the masses, teaching them acceptance which was reinforced by hymns like ‘All things bright and beautiful' which had verses akin to â€Å"The rich man in his castle, the poor man at his gate, God made them, high or lowly, and ordered their estate. † aided there exploitation by teaching them to accept there place in society because it was God wished. When Marx wrote this, churches had a high monopoly on truth so people would be more inclined to believe it. Looking at statistics of ex and current communist countries it is clear that secularisation is very high with the majority of Britain from Chinese decent claiming they have no religion, it is also known that countries that follow a Marxist, however stringently, doctrine that government officials must have no religion, this is very widely enforced within the Peoples Republic of China's administration but not as obligatory within the soviets of the USSR. With only one class there should be no reason for a religion to control society, however when countries became communist the did not all suddenly drop there views and become atheists, even if these values were taught at school, they were still taught in the home as primary socialisation always comes before secondary such as the school. The media openly ridicules religion by broadcasting comedies such as Father Ted and The Vicar of Dibley which portray very un orthodox Ministers and there they very un orthodox parishioners. But the media does not stop there it regularly comments on the flaws in religion through various mediums such as articles printed about the bonuses of secularisation and TV programs calling for religions to be abolished in the bid for world peace. However many of the Abrahamic religions forgot the second commandment â€Å"Though shall not worship false idols† but would God really smite the celebrities that use there fame to help highlight charitable work and those less fortunate than ourselves? However jealous a god he is, does he approve of celebrities such as The Pope or Grand Ayatollah? Even with there religious leadership they still fit the job description of a celebrity. Religions are often accused of being behind the times on items seen as very taboo yet have always been there, especially gay rights and abortion. Many religions see all human life as sacred and that abortion is an act of killing one of gods children so a sin, they also conform to functionalist view of homogonous, heterosexual, monogamous marriage been the only appropriate view on raising children. Within the past hundred years many laws have been passed that work towards an egalitarian society in which no person is superior or inferior to another such as gay rights, abortion rights and gender equality, which have been advocated for as long as Plato in his â€Å"The Republic† in which he sees men and woman indifferent albeit for childbirth and strength, to which he argues that some woman are stronger than some men. Moreover, some religious organisations have moved slightly with times, notably the Anglican faith which no allows gay and female Vicars, abortion in certain circumstances as well as divorce and remarriage. So as many equality principles have been oppressed by religion and are only recently winning it over, only one has been supported which is race equality, which was lead and fronted by one the most famous men in the world, a Methodist minister, Dr Martin Luther King. But to counter that the Dutch Reform Church openly supported Apartheid in South Africa, as well as many Far Right Political Groups mainly National Socialism Groups such as Hitler's Administration but also the BNP and NF groups which solely believe in Aryan Protestants to be the superior race, a dumbfounded patriarchal view that contradicts many statements within the bible including when Jesus Christ died on the Cross for our sins he removed all barriers including that of gender, race, and nationality. This is as said by the apostle Paul â€Å"There is neither Jew nor Greek, slave nor free, male nor female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus. If you belong to Christ then you are†¦ heirs according to the promise† (Galatians 3:28-29). Weber first introduced his theory of rationalization in his book The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, He predicts a decline in religion due to industrial advancement, plurality of religions and a rise in science and technology to answer questions that gave rational answers juxtaposed to religions ambiguous statement of it was Gods will. He looks at the Protestant denomination of ‘Calvinism' who believed in predestination and worked hard to beat their anxiety on whether they would be accepted into heaven. Eventually this evolved from a monopoly on truth to a monopoly of industry with many Calvinites becoming successful capitalistic businesspeople, for which Weber argued was inevitable. A rise in religious pluralism also adds to secularisation as individual religions are loosing their monopoly on truth as they are co-habiting and recognising other religions. Many large religious buildings now have faith rooms in which all religions are welcome. Also some Christian denominations meet and work together as Christians this is called Ecumenicalism. Within the past 250 years scientific advancement has gone from virtually nothing to a vital part our lifes today, religion has caught along on this bandwagon as well, but to only a certain extent. Darwin's theory of evolution is still questioned by some many religious individuals however these are mainly creationists. Weber suggested that eventually the mystical ideas would be succumbed by scientific ones. Durkheim (1965) suggests that religion was about celebrating the rules of your society and making the citizens keep to those rules. Yet, he argues, that as a society becomes more complex religion struggles to bind individuals due to industrialization and social fragmentation that regulate religion into a corner of where it becomes one of many beliefs and fails to unify members of society. Secularists and Antidisestablishmentarians have fought along side the broad left and broad right respectively, but hardly any battles have been as severe as the Spanish civil war (1936 – 1939) The Republicans were secularists and some of the more radical groups within in them such as the Stalinists NKVD committed terrible atrocities against the catholic church in Spain such as massacring clergy and destroying churches and monasteries. While the Nationalists were led by the infamous General Francisco Franco and had largely fascist yet catholic views and ties. They suppressed the terrorist secularist activities by executing teachers that promoted the removal of the church from education. Clear Statistics prove a decline in church attendance (All Protestant and Roman Catholic) from 30% of the population in 1900 to 12% in 1990, Hamilton (? ) Table 1. However a Social Attitudes Survey (1992) cited in Haralambous et al (2000) table 7. 19 pg 479 states that 75% of people believe in at some point God with or without scepticism, while the remaining 25% either stated they were Atheists, no answer or that they did not if there was a God and believed there was no way to find out. As 75% of people still believe in God at some point, this adds to the point that people may not be attending churches but still are retaining faith and does indicate a rise in Atheism. Davie calls this â€Å"believing without belonging†. Returning back to the Penguins Dictionary of Sociology's definition of religion in no point of the description does it state that one has to attend a specific place of worship to practice there religion. This adds to the point that people have not stopped believing in god but merely openly practicing in public, this could be that a conventional church does not fit in with there views of a religion or their lifestyles. In America Evangelical Christians have used the TV to their advantage and started to broadcast live sermons, this is taking the idea of songs of praise to a new level and with channels emerging such as GOD channel, religious sermons can make it into our homes – if we choose. Furthermore, Christian Church attendance was only mentioned above so what would be held for other religions and the attendance at there place of worship. Other data suggests that Christianity is just for Christmas According to UK Census Data (2001) 71. 6% claim to be Christian, 2. 7% to be Muslim, 1. 0% to be Hindu, 0. 6% to be Sikh, 0. 5% to be Jewish, 0. 3% to Buddhist and 23. 2% either have no religion or did not state one. However, comparing this with data from Social Trends 30 (2000) cited in Moore (2001) pg 417 suggest that while Christianity may be on the decrease other religions are not. Islam in the UK had increased 380% from 130,000 individuals in 1970 to 495,000 individuals. As well the amount of people stating their religion as Sikhism increased 250% from 1970 to 1990. Interestingly, participants of other non-Christian religious institutions had increased 231% over the twenty-year period, these could be institutions that conform to the description of a religion but are either world rejecting or world affirming. World rejecting religions promise savoir on judgement day and normally have very tight, strict rules and regulations placed upon their members, and most of all see the world as a bad place in which will not make it into heaven. World affirming religions on the other hand are too promised savour but do not have as many tight restrictions on its members but maybe one or two, such as no sex before marriage or no drinking alcohol and most importantly do not see the world as a bad place. There are many methodical issues raised when researching any religion topic, let alone secularisation. There are many points to include when research is undertaken for instance the reliability of the data, would a different research get the same results or if a different sample of participants and method of data collection was used. Is their a true representative sample, this would be important as Britain is a highly religiously diverse country and a poor sample could obscure the results. How valid is the data actually gained; is it what the researcher aimed to find in their question or is it irrelevant due to an ambiguous question. Religion is a very private matter and a researcher must question there self on how far they may be intruding on a participant's life or institution. Finally a researcher must be sensitive to the data and interaction with participants, as beliefs are very sacred to a person they must be fully aware of their customs so that they do not offend. Secondary sources must be looked at with great care and what they say applied today for example a woman practicing herbal medicine would not be seen as anything bizarre in today's world but 400 years ago burnt at the stake for witchcraft. In conclusion the debate of secularisation has rage on with the sociological world for many year, yet a unified decision has yet too be and probably won't be made. Bellah (1967) and Luckman (1996) both argue that religion is not in decline but is merely changing form. They say that the public side of religion may be in decline but the private side of religion and personal belief is not. Berger (1967) on the other hand says that religion is loosing its traditional place within society saying how the growth of science and technology has questioned it, and suggests that religion, as a way of life is no longer in capacity to do so. Wilson (1966) described secularisation as â€Å"the process whereby religious thinking, practices and institutions lose their social significance† But even though there is a drop in church attendance, society is not loosing its belief in a religion. Many religions have religious buildings to worship their god, yet with some religions it is not compulsory to attend them regularly, such as Islam and Judaism – perhaps Christianity has to learn from its religious ‘relatives'. On the contrary Voas (2005) gives evidence for a significant rise in church attendance around Christmas time, which can rise by 330% in some diocese in Anglican Britain. Perhaps this suggests that Anglicans choose to go to church only at special religious occasions. Many sociologists looking at secularisation focus on Britain and do to take into account other countries that have taken a huge rise of fundamentalism such as the USA and Iran, which are closely linked too politics. Fundamentalists, such as the Christian Coalition, helped shape the policies of the Reagan and Bush administrations, Bruce (1995). Finally Stark and Bainbridge (1990) suggest that secularisation and strong religious belief alternate in a cyclical pattern. From this I agree with Bellah and Luckman that religion is not in decline but merely changing the form in which it presents its self within society, as there is more corroboration between researchers that suggest people have not lost faith.

Breast Cancer Report Awareness For A Lifetime - 1928 Words

Miami Dade College – Kendall Campus Breast Cancer Report Awareness for a lifetime Vanessa Rodriguez. Human Anatomy and Physiology II (BSC2086) – Lecture Dr. R. Moradi. MD September 19th, 2015 Table of Content: 1. Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 2. Causes †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 3. Signs/Symptoms †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 4-5 4. Diagnosis †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5-6 5. Specific/Curative †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6-7 6. Prognosis †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7-8 7. Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8-9 8. Bibliography †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 10 I decided to write about this specific topic since it has been also part of my life. My grandmother was a breast cancer†¦show more content†¦Most cancers form tumors, but not all tumors are cancerous. Some tumors are benign or noncancerous as those like freckles and moles which stop the growing process and do not spread to other parts of the body and therefor do not create new tumors. Malignant or cancerous on the other hand interfere with body functions and draw nutrients from the body tissues due to the tumors they create. Cancers continue to grow and spread by direct extension or through a process named metastasis, whereby the malignant cells travel through the lymphatic or blood vessels eventually forming new tumors in other parts of the body. There are many types of cancer since it can be spread or appear in basically any part of the body. The word itself encompasses more than 100 diseases that are potentially life-threatening, with the exception of some types of skin cancers. Breast cancer is among these possible diseases and to understand it better you also need to comprehend the basic anatomy of the breast. The normal breast consists of milk-producing glands that are connected to the surface of the skin at the nipple by narrow ducts. These are supported by connective tissue made up of fat and fibrous material. Blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic channels to the lymph nodes make up most of the rest of the breast tissue. So now knowing all of this what is really breast cancer? So, breast cancer is the patient’s own cells that have multiplied uncontrollably and those

System Thinking in comparison to Traditional Approach - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1325 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Uncategorized Essay Type Compare and contrast essay Did you like this example? System Thinking in comparison to Traditional Approach: The way in which people understand the complexities around themselves is called system thinking. Moreover, it is about breaking down these complexities in simpler solutions or finding ways out in order to solve the problems in less time. Playing chess could be compared with this type of approach, due to the fact that the skills of playing chess can only be improved after regular practice On the other hand, the visual and diagrammatic approach is not used in reductionists approach. In this way the problems are broken down by management from bigger complexity level to comparatively smaller complexity level. The problem is further divided into smaller parts until the problem is solved. For solving bigger problems by breaking them down in smaller problems is called system thinking. For this purpose, the techniques like visual aids and diagrams are used for better understanding of the solution. Whereas, th e name reductionist approach reflects the breaking down of bigger problems into smaller parts, in order to solve the complexity level. For example, if we have a query like 20 X11 then we can solve it as 10 X11 and 10 X11=110 and 10 X11=110 the adding both the answers would give the same result as 20 X11. This is not the approach used for system thinking, it is been considered that if the problem is broken down into smaller problems many of important points could be missed along with emerging of new problems, using the reductionist approach from a bigger perspective could be a problem. This is due to the fact that, in reductionist approach, every problem broken down is considered to be separate problem, this is the biggest flaw considered in reductionist approach (BusinessDictionary.com, 2013). Because when the problem is of bigger complexity level then the risk of making every sub component independent of each other could further increase the complexity level. Therefore, in such sce narios system approach provides the best solution by making the problem easier and deducing accurate results out of it. Thus, system approach is preferred over reductionist approach. This is claimed because it would be impossible to judge the personality of any individual by studying its individual genes, whereas, if the personality is judged as a whole could better depict the personality characteristics of any individual. ADD 30-40 WORDS HERE Features of System Thinking: The features of system thinking could better portray the importance and advantage of this approach. More importantly, this approach uses visual aids, making problem more easier to be visualized. This is due to the fact that many details are hard to be read, understood and interpreted by the attendees, whereas, by viewing these details could leave a mark on their memory regarding the problem statement (Creatingtechnology.org, 2014). It is important to see the problems from a bigger perspective for problems having bigger complexities. System approach is a problem simplifier or improver agent instead of typical problem solving technique. This approach facilitates every employee to communicate with each other, under one roof and present their idea towards solving problem. These complexities cannot be resolved verbally; they require proper attention and documentation. This brings up the whole situation of the problem, in front of the employees. When the problem is seen on the bigger spectrum then every issue related to that problem is also upraised and presented clearly. Fig-1 Systems approach used by University of Vermont However, system approach facilitates with maximum problem solving but for using this technique, highly skilled staff is required. The requirement of the skilled staff is important for this purpose, due to the fact that, whatever, is the nature of the problem, the staff could handle it in a more professional and logical way. This skilled staff, using lat est technology could better use this approach for solving problem. ADD 50 WORDS HERE System Thinking Approach and its Uses: The system thinking approach received critical feedback from many managers in the beginning, when it was introduced as a concept in the scientific world. This happened because the concept and its execution were completely new and the managers were not used of these type of procedures. Whereas, with the passage of time, many advancements has forced people to consider other approaches over system approach but even then system approach has an edge over other traditional approaches (Mennta.hi.is, 2013). Along with these types of approaches, skilled minds are required for better solving these problems. The solution of the problem not only depends on the systematic approach but also the sub-divided components for developing the solution of the whole problem. This shows that this approach is useful when the complexities are judged with all the sub-divided components. The system approach could be better understood in comparison with reduction approach. Such as in the biology, when we are required to study the environment, we can break it in smaller parts like plants, flowers etc and then every part is analyzed and reported on the basis of which the deduction on environment is conducted. Management is used to solve problems through mathematical and logical approach but when the complexity increases then the management uses diagrammatic approach. These diagrams are used to present the phenomenon in a simpler way. However, the work force would be motivated to understand these diagrams and once they would, then next time they would come up with new ideas for solving problems. In cases, when management is unable to solve the problem, even after using System approach then it must be the problem that the management is looking at the problem from different perspective. When the problem is of recurring nature the system thinking approach proves to be useful as it gives the overview of the picture from a bigger perspective (Pespmc1.vub.ac.be, 2014). In this approach the sub-division of problem into sub-components, makes it simpler to be solved by the management. Till this time only one flaw is indicated this could be overcome after proper training of staff. ADD 150 WORDS HERE System Approach and its Evaluation through Different Diagrams: System thinking approach uses different visual aids and tables; it has its own benefits and disadvantages. The diagrammatic approach uses the input and output of data in the diagrams for solving the problem. This input and out depicts the initialization of the problem and execution of the solution. The problem statement is taken as a input and the diagrammatic layout is considered to be the system and the output is the end result of the situation. The diagram helps to see the bigger picture as a whole and allows the better analysis of the problem. Environment System Figure 2 an input output diagram of systems approach to management Types of Diagram: System Mapping: It is another type of diagram, where management needs to study the complexities of sub-components along with the overlapping relations among them. A simple look can give the impression of being more difficult and can give the impression that the problem is more difficult then it seems (System Approach to Management, 2012). It uses different type of visual aids and icons for giving better understanding of the problem. Influence Diagrams: It presents the complexity in intuitive form. Using graphical aid, flowing of elements is all used in this type of diagrams. Also, using arrows is of great importance as it portrays the relationship among entities. Further, the influences used within the diagrams are Probabilistic influence, Value influence and Structural influence. ADD 50 WORDS HERE References BusinessDictionary.com, (201 3).What is system approach? definition and meaning. [online] Available at: https://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/system-approach.html [Accessed 7 May. 2014]. Creatingtechnology.org, (2014).Systems approach in science and engineering. [online] Available at: https://www.creatingtechnology.org/sysapp.htm [Accessed 7 May. 2014]. Mennta.hi.is, (2013).System Approach. [online] Available at: https://mennta.hi.is/starfsfolk/solrunb/system.htm [Accessed 7 May. 2014]. Pespmc1.vub.ac.be, (2014).Basic Concepts of the Systems Approach. [online] Available at: https://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/SYSAPPR.html [Accessed 7 May. 2014]. System Approach to MaAnagment, (2012).System Approach to Managment. 34. NewYork, p.2. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "System Thinking in comparison to Traditional Approach" essay for you Create order

Essay On Water Pollution - 1200 Words

Water is one of the most needed elements for survival on Earth. All organisms contain it, drink it or live in it. Water pollution has been an increasing problem for many generations. Pollution has been around for more than a century, but people did not believe that it was a real threat until it became more aggressive over the years. Pollution comes in many forms such as agricultural, runoff, industrial, sedimentary, animal wastes, etc. For example, many industries began using synthetic materials such as plastics, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), inorganic pesticides, and among other substances that many cases lead to contamination water systems. These materials are not only toxic, but they are also detrimental to the environment and†¦show more content†¦A nonpoint source is pollutants enter indirectly through environmental changes such as fertilizer carried into streams by rain. In 2015, Flint rash investigation (2016) notes that there were 390 rashes and 175 hair loss symp toms are the majority complaints in water quality and a higher level of chlorine, pH, and water hardness factors that could lead to developing skin irritation or rashes. Health risks in contaminated wells been exposed to concentrations of nitrate, radon, lead, and organic compounds (DeSimone, 2009). Groundwater is considered the safest water quality to drink in the United States claimed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. According to Kennedy, Whitman Burrows, Richmond (2004), â€Å"24 trace elements such as arsenic, lead, and zinc were collected at streambed sediment sample for protection of aquatic life in 2001.† Also during the following year of 2002, â€Å"stream sediment analyzes organ chlorine pesticide, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs)† (Kennedy, Whitman, Burrows, Richmond, 2004). Kennedy, Whitman, Burrows, Richmond, (2004) reviewed an additional examine causes water that is unpleasant to drink due to bad odo r, taste, and algae in lakes become artificially enriched with nutrients from the chemical fertilizers that run off cultivated fields into the water. Although protecting 168,000 nation s public drinking waterShow MoreRelatedWater Pollution Essay858 Words   |  4 PagesWater Pollution is the contamination of water bodies. Most of our Earth is covered in water and, out of the 100% of water around the world only 35% of it is not polluted. Water Pollution has an effect on everyone and everything around us. Water Pollution causes a great amount of health problems to not just animals but, humans to. With Water Pollution comes the death of aqutic wildlife, disruption of the food chain, and diseases. 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Most of our nation’s waterways are in terrible condition because of the pollution in the water. Water pollution not only can cause illnesses, but also deaths for humans. Humans aren’t the only thing that water pollution causes harm to. It is also hurting our ecosystem. Humans are the leading cause of most water pollution. We keep throwing wastes into the water making the water unsafe for humans to drink. ScientistsRead MoreAir And Water Pollution Essay1282 Words   |  6 Pages Air and water pollution is one of the biggest problems the environment faces today. It is one of the highest leading cause of death. Air and water pollution has been affecting the environment for many years causing many diseases among people especially children. I will study and examine the early childhood growth between two countries which are Australia and Tanzania. I will discuss how clean and polluted their air and water is for each country. Their access to clean water. 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Dracula Bram Stoker Essay Example For Students

Dracula Bram Stoker Essay Bram Stoker creates suspense in Jonathan Harkers first diary entry by his description of the scene. An atmosphere of dread, fear and the unknown can be felt when reading the passage. Dusk is the time of day where you can imagine all sorts of creepy things happening. The sun setting behind the mountains give the appearance of moving shadows. The passengers felt so afraid of their surroundings that they crossed themselves. Jonathan feels unsure about the excitement he sees from the other passengers, which cant, be explained. Draculas appearance is mystical. The writer begins to build suspense when Jonathan Harker describes the shadows of the evening. He creates an atmospheric effect by saying they creep around us. This gives the awareness that the night is coming and like a person or animal is stalking them. From the opening lines of his diary I think Jonathan is feeling uncomfortable.  Bram Stoker begins to build tension when Jonathan Harker describes by the roadside were many crosses. He creates a scene of darkness and dread. I think this gives the effect that Jonathan is nervous in his surroundings. The writer begins to build anxiety when Jonathan describes The Ghost-like clouds. He creates a Ghost like illusion by saying the falling sunset threw into strange relief the ghost-like clouds. I think this gives the impression that Dracula is playing with his mind.  From reading the book you get the sense of the behaviour of the passengers as we swept by, my companions all crossed themselves the scene the writer create is of dread. The passengers can feel the tension that all is not right but they are afraid. They call upon the cross as away of helping them to get through the night. I think that this gives the feeling that the passengers are afraid of what they might encounter. Bram Stoker continues to build suspense when Jonathan says, when it grew dark there seemed to be some excitement amongst the passengers. The passengers are persuading the driver to go faster to leave the area quicker the figures of my late companions crossing themselves. I took this to mean that the passengers are afraid of Dracula. Like the passengers are begin to fear Dracula before we even see him.  Bram Stoker starts to build anxiety when Jonathan describes, one by one several of the passengers offered me gifts. This suggests that the passengers turned to their religion in order to keep them safe and to protect them from evil by offering Jonathan the cross they hoped it protect him from the evil. When Jonathan describes his feelings I felt a strange chill, and a lonely feeling came over me. This produces anxiety and tension I felt a little strange, and not a little frightened. I think this gives the impact that Jonathan is beginning to feel fear of the unknown situation that he is in.  Another example of tension is when Jonathan describes. I would have liked to asked the driver what it all meant. I think Jonathan is beginning to question the strange things that are happening around him. By saying I really feared to do so. Jonathan gives the impression that he is petrified of the driver. As they drive nearer to Draculas castle Jonathan describes from the mountains on each side of us began a louder and a sharper howling that of wolves. This shows that just the sounds of wolves increase Jonathan feelings. His first reaction is to flee and hide by saying I was mined to jump from the catches and run. Reading further into the story there is further into the story there is further evidence of Jonathan fear increasing when he meets the wolves face to face. He paralysed with fear. The appearance of the wolves make him realise that the sight of them is more terrifying then anything he could image wolves, with white teeth and lolling red tongues, with long, sineivly limbs and shaggy hair. .u41344ef178900bef28c3aefee358c7da , .u41344ef178900bef28c3aefee358c7da .postImageUrl , .u41344ef178900bef28c3aefee358c7da .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u41344ef178900bef28c3aefee358c7da , .u41344ef178900bef28c3aefee358c7da:hover , .u41344ef178900bef28c3aefee358c7da:visited , .u41344ef178900bef28c3aefee358c7da:active { border:0!important; } .u41344ef178900bef28c3aefee358c7da .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u41344ef178900bef28c3aefee358c7da { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u41344ef178900bef28c3aefee358c7da:active , .u41344ef178900bef28c3aefee358c7da:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u41344ef178900bef28c3aefee358c7da .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u41344ef178900bef28c3aefee358c7da .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u41344ef178900bef28c3aefee358c7da .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u41344ef178900bef28c3aefee358c7da .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u41344ef178900bef28c3aefee358c7da:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u41344ef178900bef28c3aefee358c7da .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u41344ef178900bef28c3aefee358c7da .u41344ef178900bef28c3aefee358c7da-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u41344ef178900bef28c3aefee358c7da:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The novel Reading in the Dark EssayThe best way that the writer builds tension is when Jonathan describes Dracula appearance the lamp light fell on a hard looking mouth, with very red lips and sharp looking teeth, as white as ivory. This gives a dramatic effect because Jonathan doesnt know that the cache driver is Dracula and he is stunned when he sees the drivers face.  The way Dracula controls the horse adds to Jonathan unease. He petted and soothed them, and whispered something in their ears. After being frightened by the noise from the wolves, the horses became agitated and unmanageable, but a few quietly spoken words by Dracula were enough to calm them down. I have heard of horse tamers doing this and with extraordinary effect. Jonathan, to me is trying to understand what he has just seen. A lot of unusual events seem to be happening to Jonathan, which he is having a lot of trouble making sense of. When the driver (Dracula) had left them the horses began to tremble. Jonathan could sense the horses fear. Jonathan has noticed that the driver has had this effect on the wolves also, as he swept his long arms as though brushing aside some impalpable obstacle, the wolves fell back and back further still. To Jonathan, the driver seems to be controlling the surroundings that he has found himself in. because Jonathan is more terrorized than ever before bring about a real strong sense of suspense to this story, which the writer Bram Stoker intended to do.  Bram Stoker has crated suspense in this diary entry by the words he uses and the scenes he has described. And especially the detailed description of the first encounter with Dracula.